Critical Analysis DNA Evidence - Free Essay Example

Introduction DNA evidence is the use of body products like saliva, blood, skin cells, semen, and any biological material to develop investigative leads. Forensic DNA analysis is accurate and reliable, and as a result, its evidence is essential in exonerating people who are convicted wrongly. The popularity of DNA evidence has captured the headlines as well as the imagination of the citizens making them involve it in many cases despite the fact that other methods can be used to prove evidence. The technique allows people to be identified with their unique blueprint and it is widely used for criminal investigation especially in the criminal and justice system. The police use DNA to check whether the sample of a suspect matches the one in the file and to understand the characteristics of the criminal. Genetic fingerprinting allows police to store information about DNA regions rather than actual genes for data protection purposes. In statistical modeling, two cultures is a problem that involves science and the real life. People are split into two because of science whereby science is seen as something that will keep people prosperous and secure. The two cultures create a dilemma because the sciences believe that the future of a person is found in their bones while the traditional culture does not believe in the existence of the future. People think that science address the human condition, which is a problem with the traditional culture since God, is the Supreme Being who tre ats all conditions faced by humankind. The truths about these two cultures are contradicting making it difficult to know the real truth. This paper is going to discuss DNA evidence focusing on the problems that surround it including the two cultures problem. DNA Evidence Problem Despite the fact that DNA evidence has been used to solve a lot of issues, it has some limitations. In crime cases, having a match of a DNA in a crime scene makes someone a suspect, but it does not guarantee that the person is guilty. However, in forensic DNA evidence, experts talk about the probability (Reardon, p.40, 2004). The movies and the television portray DNA evidence in such a way that it is capable of solving any criminal case. CSI effect has an influence on the criminal justice whereby jurors rely too much on DNA evidence and exclude other physical evidence that may be of use in solving a case (Palsson, and Rabinow, p.14, 1999). DNA fraud is another issue that is facing DNA evidence whereby criminals plant DNA samples in the crime scene. According to research, it is also possible to manufacture the DNA of a person without even having body tissues of the person. With the help of DNA evidence, crime shows in the television and the movies make it seem easy to catch a criminal and solve crimes. However, this is not the case in real life situations. Lab mistakes occur at times, and sometimes there are cases of mixed evidence like siblings sharing the same DNA, which could make an innocent person be convicted of a crime. The reported matches need to be interpreted correctly in order to ensure that the right person is convicted. According to research, interpreting results requires a lot of consideration rather than technological knowledge (Mcharek, p.122, 2000). People perceive that DNA results offer evidence without a reasonable doubt but in most cases, a DNA match does not guarantee the guilt of a suspect. Errors can occur especially when several DNAs are mixed and when the evidence is degraded through improper storage and time. Hence, it is important to separate different sources to avoid mixing the DNAs. The analysts are human beings, and sometimes they can be affected emotionally leading to bias. In most cases, the people conducting the analysis are aware of the results that are supposed to match, and it influences the process. The jurors also get a lot of information on DNA evidence but little information on how to analyze the results, which are capable of causing errors (Connors, p.31, 1996). DNA errors occur because of collection and handling errors. DNA evidence faces the risk of being contaminated whereby officers should reduce related activities in order to ensure that contamination does not occur. While collecting evidence, such activities like smoking, drinking, and eating should not take place because they increase the chances of the evidence being contaminated. This is because DNA is a sensitive type of proof and any compromise can lead to contamination, which can in return give the wrong results. According to research, ninety-five percent of the DNA is not understood whereby experts technically refer it to noncoding DNA or junk DNA. The lack of this understanding, in this case, is associated with lack of purpose resulting in the question whether nature is supposed to make mistakes (Fausto-Sterling, p.5, 2004). The people that are in control of DNA database are capable of planting fake evidence in a crime scene since they are aware of the lineage of an individual including the physical characteristics, the diseases, the mental characteristics, and predispositions. As a result, the use of DNA as a criminal evidence is negated unless there is corroborating evidence. The Predictive Powers of DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid is a molecule used to encode the instructions of genes that are used in the development and the functioning of organisms. DNA is a macromolecule that is necessary for all forms of life, and it consists of two polymers made of deoxyribose and phosphate groups that alternate each other (Reardon, p.44, 2004). DNA contains biological storage whereby the molecule has an inbuilt duplicate of encoded information because of the DNA backbone that is resistant to cleavage. The process used by forensic scientists is known as DNA profiling or genetic fingerprinting. The method is reliable in identifying a match in a crime. The sequence of DNA makes up a gene whereby the gene is used to determine the characteristics of the organism, and in this case, the attribute of the suspect. These features include the colors of their eyes, the hair, and the physical strength. A series of genes create a chromosome whereby the unique biological code of a person appears (Connors, p.35, 1996). As a result, a sample of a DNA is capable of showing the genetic blueprints of an individual and therefore, recreates the person. The code is unique in all organisms, and hence it is used to trace the particular suspect in a crime. DNA evidence has predictive powers whereby it is possible to connect a person with a tangible object. Biological evidence is a type of proof that is not visible but shows physical evidence. All the biological evidence that is obtained in a crime scene is subjected to tests whereby all kinds of biological organs can be used including saliva, vomit and even feces (Mcharek, p.123, 2000). The testing uses a few cells to obtain evidence whereby the sources of the sample are identified and the suspect is determined whether he/she was at a crime scene. A weapon can be put in the hands of a suspect through DNA testing helping to solve crimes. It is important for officers to be aware of how to use DNA evidence since it is a powerful tool and in case it is used in the wrong way can lead to innocent people being implicated for crimes they did not commit. The integrity of the crime scene is necessary in DNA evidence whereby the scene should be protected in order for the evidence to be safe. The success of a DNA evidence requires preservation and safeguarding of proof whereby details of the state of the evidence should be documented such as wet blood spatters or dry blood (Fausto-Sterling, p.11, 2004). DNA evidence uses a chain of custody where the people collecting evidence keep a record of all the people with physical possession of proof. In addition, to maintain the integrity of the crime scene, recording makes sure that evidence is collected in the right manner. DNA is a powerful tool and experts can use DNA samples and knowledge to create medical advances and answer important questions (Palsson, and Rabinow, p.17, 1999). DNA can be applied in various compelling situations especially in detection and treatment of diseases. This is because it has the ability to spot and prevent an ailment in the case that the blueprint of a person i s presented. For instance, re-growth of an organ can occur through cloning whereby a missing part of the body can be developed. In the case of crime evidence, DNA is capable of placing a person in a crime scene or excluding a suspect in a scene of the offense. Hence, DNA evidence is an important tool in solving crimes because it has powerful predictive abilities. The Two Cultures Problem The issue of whether people from two different cultures can understand one another can be answered by science. Science creates knowledge by using personal knowledge whereby a distinctive culture is formed. Science is an independent culture that helps to transcend the ethnic cultures (Fausto-Sterling, p.22, 2004). However, literary people cannot understand science as a distinctive culture resulting in another culture being formed of the literary people. Hence, the two cultures are the literary culture and the science culture, and they have differing opinions about different people from different cultures understanding one another. The basic understanding of different cultures is based on science rather than language. Culture is a factor that forms the physical and biological evolution of a person and cannot be treated as an organ in the body. Human culture is distinctive whereby science and art form two different cultures. The two cultures problem assumes that people from different cultures are not capable of understanding one another. Science and art form two distinctive cultures because humanists and scientists cannot communicate with one another and the problem needs to be resolved. The problem assumes that people from different cultures always misunderstand one another and that membership in the two cultures is mutually limited (Fausto-Sterling, p.15, 2004). Humanists believe that the people who value technology and science and believe that it is meant to enhance technology do not belong in the contemporary world. This is because the mind and cognition model is the information-processing factor. Science and technology define human beings as computer machines, and human characteristics are seen as the thinking and judgment computation models. Humanists are marginalized by technoscience whereby devices are deemed more important than people are. Scholars expect technology to serve them while scientists expect philosophers to follow the algorithmic and universal laws of the physical system (Connors, p.39, 1996). As a result, the two cultures cannot understand one another since computer systems function according to finite procedures that are fixed, and they cannot deviate. On the other hand, the human systems are open and infinite hence cannot be compared to computer systems. The creation of the artists and scientists allow the breaking of the barrier between the two cultures through the creation of knowledge. This is because knowledge has an actual dimension and it is subjective to personal experience. The content of the education should be open to the discovery of all people irrespective of the culture they originate. However, it is important to change the focal awareness of the people and to extend the subliminal understanding (Fausto-Sterling, p.35, 2004). The creation of scientific knowledge is dependent on the knowledge that is embodied in culture because scientists are bound by culture. As a result, the production of knowledge is ironic since there is a commitment of artistic processes and imagination confirming the traditional scientific procedures. Therefore, the two cultures are based on two stereotypes that are misleading since the creation of knowledge is applicable in the two cultures. The problem of how technocrats and humanists communicate comes from the two cultures problem. It is possible for the two cultures to communicate through the understanding of what drives the problem. There is a possibility of solving the issue in case people discuss and elaborate the problem more. The people who support technology systems and the ones who use the systems can listen to the individuals who use the systems in order to come with solutions. The problems can be interpreted as design flaws like the bugs problem in technology that is said to make people stupid (Mcharek, p.149, 2000). In the case of bug problems, the only way to come up with a solution is to involve the developers. The developers can create a system that improves the abilities of the users instead of one that curbs them. The problem of the two cultures can be solved through evolution and knowledge. This is because the two cultures are not different but instead they contain the same elements. The two cultures depend on the same factors in order for humanists and scientists to create knowledge (Reardon, p.52, 2004). These features include irony, metaphor, switching of perspective, and focus. Humanists can be defined as scientists in terms of the way they elaborate issues as well as the way they discuss interpretations critically. In addition, philosophy and history involve debugging, criticism, problem-solving, and resolution of problems, which show similarity rather than differences. On the other hand, the theories and the socio-technical systems are found in the contemporary society as well as in humanists and scientists, which are over the cultural differences. Hence, it is important to discuss these issues in order to come up with a solution. The technology has a common goal, which is creating and using knowledge. The users, the developers and the humanists both need the same thing and as a result, it is important to come up with a solution rather than looking at the difference that exists between the two cultures. Since there is a common goal in the two cultures, it is possible to have a direction that can facilitate communication between the two groups. This means that the technology developers need to listen to the technology users in order for an effective solution to be developed (Connors, p.41, 1996). For instance, the users may state the failures of a system whereby the developers are supposed to draw up a solution to the particular problem. In addition to both scientists and humanists having the knowledge of creating, they also have the knowledge of using technology. As a result, the two cultures are capable of understanding one another because they share the same characteristics and knowledge. The two cultures problem in DNA Evidence DNA analysis has enhanced and outweighs all the other forensic techniques used in finding evidence. However, the technique has a disadvantage because science can only be reliable depending on the way people decide to use it. With DNA evidence, the manner of using the method keeps on evolving, and as a result, the field of forensic evidence keeps on expanding. However, it is important to understand the analysis of the mixtures and the probability of the analysis going wrong. This is because according to biology, human beings share 99.9 percent of genes (Palsson, and Rabinow, p.17, 1999). However, the strands of DNA have a unique sequence in all human beings and the chances of having a share of the same gene are rare. The mixtures of DNA samples consist of many alleles making the mathematics in the analysis complicated. Therefore, it is important for the study to determine the contributors that are involved in a test as well as the type of allele that belong to a particular suspect (Re ardon, p.56, 2004). It is possible for alleles to appear to exist in a place that it does not especially, if the sample is degraded or too small. This means that the analysis is an objective science and at the same times an interpretive art. In some cases, victims are implicated in crimes that they did not commit in order for the guilty party to go free. The fundamental objective of the DNA evidence technology is to help solve problems and at the same time eliminate subjectivity in forensics. However, crime laboratories do not operate in the way that they are meant to because subjectivity still exists even with DNA evidence. This is because the level of training and standards vary, as well as the quality of results (Palsson, and Rabinow, p.18, 1999). The forensic DNA has a dark side whereby many DNA evidence testing go wrong because of the faults of both the users and the developers of the technology. The problem also exists because of lack of communication between the police officers and the DNA experts because the police do not know how to interpret the results from the laboratories. DNA profiling does not have skepticism and mistakes occur all the time (Mcharek, p.154, 2000). DNA evidence is the science used to come u p with answers, but the people in the laboratory and the police officers use it wrong leading to more problems like punishing innocent people. People need to accept the world as it is and as a result, the difference between science and culture will be solved. Conclusion DNA evidence is any biological evidence that is capable of connecting a suspect to a crime. It has predictive powers whereby it is capable of placing a person in a crime scene even without any physical evidence. The primary objective of DNA evidence is to eliminate subjectivity and to solve crimes effectively. However, DNA evidence has some problems that include testing errors that mostly occur because of contamination. Mixing of several samples or other materials as well as keeping a sample for an extended time can contaminate a sample and as a result, give the wrong results. The two cultures problem involves communication issues between scientists and humanists because of differing beliefs. However, the problem can be reconciled with the development of knowledge and discussion of the issue more often in order to come up with the practical solution. The two cultures are not contradicting because they share the same characteristics hence are capable of developing a solution. With the correct use of DNA evidence technology, crime can be solved effectively.

Leadership My Personal Leadership Philosophy - 919 Words

1. Leadership is the ability to inspire and focus members on a common goal, whether short term or long term and have the same vision. Leadership is more than telling or ordering, but having members believe and want to follow the same path as you. It’s a commitment to your people built on trust and respect. Many leaders shaped my personal leadership philosophy, to include several negative and positive experiences. Negative experiences from poor leaders and lessons learned on my part have uniquely shaped this vision. Difficult to be a good follower when your leader lacks competency, integrity, and your trust. If a leader takes credit for work other than their own, or forces and ideology onto others, but does not follow it themselves; these negative influences damage the trust and respect required of all leaders. However, positive experiences can also have a career lasting impact. A leader who inspires through personal actions and convictions can change how an entire un it operates without ever saying a word. 2. There are three leadership behaviors I intend to improve on based upon the Leadership Practices Inventory and self-reflection. As a senior leader I admittedly lack in praising people for a job well done. My shortfalls come from my personal views that self-gratification is more important than any other type of praise or recognition. A person has to be satisfied with themselves before accepting praise. However, I can attest that we can be more critical onShow MoreRelatedMy Personal Leadership Philosophy Of Leadership1214 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Leadership is an influential word: and its meaning may differ from person to person. Some describe leadership as the people in the highest and most powerful positions within an organization. But as I look back on the positions I have held and the people I would consider leaders, the people I would choose to follow, they were not necessarily the higher ranked people in the organization. They were the people with vision and moral compass who moved the company forward. These peopleRead MoreLeadership : My Personal Leadership Philosophy916 Words   |  4 PagesLeadership is the ability to inspire and focus members on a common goal, whether short term or long term and have the same vision. Leadership is more than telling or ordering, but having members believe and want to follow the same path as you. It’s a commitment to your people built on trust and respect. Many leaders shaped my personal leadership philosophy, to include several negative and positive experiences. Nega tive experiences from poor leaders and lessons learned on my part have uniquelyRead MoreMy Personal Philosophy Of Leadership1208 Words   |  5 PagesMany use this philosophy without even consciously doing so; others will question almost all decisions they make. My personal moral philosophy is closely tied to my philosophy of leadership. I reside in the first category of people, those that operate in a moral philosophy that has not been specifically identified, but is strongly tied to my faith. This paper will allow me to express my own personal and leadership philosophy. My personal philosophy has been molded and developed by my upbringingRead MoreMy Personal Philosophy Of Leadership1386 Words   |  6 Pagesgreat leader? I am going to evaluate my strengths and weaknesses as a leader by sharing my online leadership assessment results, review what my philosophy of leadership is, and discuss the characteristics that I believe make a great leader. I am also going to show how I will execute my plan to become the best leader I can be. At the beginning of my Masters I took a class called Leadership Theories and Practices. During this class we had to take over 16 leadership assessments that ranged from assessingRead MoreMy Personal Leadership Philosophy, Leadership, And Ownership857 Words   |  4 Pages1. My personal leadership philosophy is â€Å"Leadership through personal example and ownership†. Throughout my career I have served with several leaders that inspired me and solidified this philosophy in me. LCDR Fritz Kuebler was one of those mentors and continues to be a source of inspiration. He could always be looked to for how to handle difficult situations. 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No matter how hard and frustrating goals, projects and missions will become, a true leader will do everything in their power to help lift up, challenge and motivate a group to reach the final end product. Leaders that have had great influence on me have included, General George Washington, Sir Edmund Hillary, Sir Ernest Shackleton, Captain Richard Winters (EasyRead MorePersonal Statement : My Personal Leadership Philosophy1439 Words   |  6 Pages A supervisor once sat with me as we went over my annual performance evaluation and he said to me â€Å"not only do you have the qualities of a leader, but you also have charisma, Donna, and I don’t see that in people too often†. Honestly, at the time, I didn’t even know what that meant. Not only did I not know what charisma meant but I had no idea what that statement meant or should mean to me. Those words stuck with me though and I often wondered what he really meant and sometimes still do. Read MoreMy Personal Leadership Philosophy : A Leader Essay1305 Words   |  6 PagesMy personal leadership philosophy reflects a desire to develop subordinates and create an efficient, purpose driven environment. A leader must create a clear vision which followers can understand in order to meet all the requirements of their unit. A leader must lead with the end in sight creating goal driven activity. I believe the way to measure the success of a leader is through the success of their subordinate leaders. Therefore, a leader must constantly develop their subordinate leaders. PassionRead More My Personal Leadership Philosophy Essay1558 Words   |  7 PagesAc cording to Webster’s Dictionary, leadership is the power or ability to lead other people, the act or instance of leading. I believe that Leadership is an art, the art to get others to follow and accomplish a common goal or task in a harmonic manner. A leader can be shown in all kinds of shapes and forms. To be a great leader many people believe it consists of modeling the way, inspiring a shared vision, enabling others to act, and encouraging the heart. Over the course of me learning how to become

Emotional Intelligence the Rapprochement of Reason and...

The past few decades have seen increasing interest in emotion research. Although much remains to be learned, agreement is beginning to emerge regarding the way emotion should be viewed. Emotions provide a unique source of information for individuals about their environment, which informs and shapes their thoughts, actions, and subsequent feelings, and there is a growing view that emotion information can be used more or less intelligently. A notion central to emotional intelligence theory is that individuals differ in their ability to perceive, understand and use emotional information, and this ability significantly contributes to intellectual and emotional well-being and growth. Emotional intelligence as a concept has prospered, in†¦show more content†¦The stoic philosophers of ancient Greece argued that the idiosyncratic nature of emotion rendered it incapable of contributing to insight and wisdom. Similar views continued to dominate academic thinking into the Renaissance period of 16th and 17th centuries of Europe. Descartes (1595-1650) argued that an emotion is one type of passion, where the passions are distinguished from clear cognition, and render judgment confused and obscure (1649/1989). Kant (1724-1804) further reinforced the distinction between reason on the one hand, and emotions, moods and desires, which he termed the inclinations, on the other. He dismissed the inclinations as inessential to reason at best and intrusive and disruptive at worst (1793/1953). Later however, philosophers belonging to the Romantic movement of Europes late 18th and early 19th century began to argue that logic alone could not deliver the breadth of insights that were possible when empathy and emotion-guided intuition were incorporated into their thinking (Solomon, 2000). This shift in thinking is often attributed to the philosophy of David Hume. Hume (1739/1948) argued that reason was in essence a tool of emotion. In his view, the sole function of reason was to interpret the world in terms of facts in order to form inferences useful in achieving the agendas set by emotion. Empirical evidence as to the functional purpose of emotion was only establishedShow MoreRelated Emotional intelligence: The rapprochement of reason and emotion5515 Words   |  23 Pagesdecades have seen increasing interest in emotion research. Although much remains to be learned, agreement is beginning to emerge regarding the way emotion should be viewed. Emotions provide a unique source of information for individuals about their environment, which informs and shapes their thoughts, actions, and subsequent feelings, and there is a growing view that emotion information can be used more or less intelligently. A notion central to emotional intelligence theory is that individuals differ inRead More Fernando, 16, Finds a Sanctuary in Crime Essay3380 Words   |  14 Pagesthat risk for crime behavior is worsened by poverty and lack of positive influences like a loving father, good neighbors or a teacher willing to reach out to the troubled child. (Barnet Barnet,1998). A stable social en vironment gives the child the emotional security he requires, especially when he begins to explore his world (Lederer, 2010). Fernando lacked a stable social upbringing and received an early exposure to violence through physical abuse from his father and witnessing events like uncle hittingRead MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 Pagespolitical, and religious resistance to colonial hegemony cannot be underestimated. What we discover in this book is that there is nothing absurd or farfetched or insane about Rastafarianism. Its formation is part of the genius of an anticolonial intelligence married to a strong nationalist sensibility. What is clear is that Rastafarianism is one of the most complex and insightful reactions to colonialism and the oppression of blacks that has emerged in the last hundred years. Rastafari: From Outcasts

African American History and Women Timeline 1700-1799

[Previous] [Next] Women and African American History: 1700-1799 1702 New York passed a law prohibiting public gatherings by three or more enslaved Africans, prohibiting testimony in court by enslaved Africans against white colonists, and prohibiting trade with enslaved Africans. 1705 Virginia Slave Codes of 1705 were enacted by the House of Burgesses in the Colony of Virginia.  These laws more clearly delineated differences in rights for indentured servants (from Europe) and slaves of color.  The latter included enslaved Africans and Native Americans sold to colonists by other Native Americans.  The codes specifically legalized the trade in enslaved people and established rights of ownership as property rights.  The codes also prohibited the Africans, even if free, from striking white people or owning any weapons.  Many historians agree that this was a response to events, including Bacons Rebellion, where white and black servants had united. 1711 A Pennsylvania law outlawing slavery was overturned by Britains Queen Anne.New York City opened a public slave market on Wall Street. 1712 New York responded to a slave revolt that year by passing legislation targeting black and Native Americans.  The legislation authorized punishment by slave owners and authorized the death penalty for enslaved Africans convicted of murder, rape, arson or assault.  Freeing those enslaved was made more difficult by requiring a significant payment to the government and an annuity to the one freed.   1721 The colony of South Carolina limited the right of voting to free white Christian men. 1725 Pennsylvania passed  An Act for the Better Regulating of Negroes in this Province, providing more property rights to owners, limiting contact and freedom of Free Negroes and Mulattoes, and requiring a payment to the government if a slave were freed. 1735 South Carolina laws required freed slaves to leave the colony within three months or return to enslavement. 1738 Fugitive slaves establish a permanent settlement at Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose, Florida. 1739 A few white citizens in Georgia petition the governor to end bringing Africans to the colony, calling enslavement a moral wrong. 1741 After trials for conspiracy to burn down New York City, 13 African American men were burned at the stake, 17 African American men were hanged, and two white men and two white women were hanged.  South Carolina passed more restrictive slave laws, permitting the killing of rebellious slaves by their owners, banning the teaching of reading and writing to enslaved people and prohibiting enslaved people from earning money or gathering in groups. 1746 Lucy Terry wrote Bars Fight, the first known poem by an African American. It was not published until after Phillis Wheatleys poems were, passed down orally until 1855.  The poem was about an Indian raid on Terrys Massachusetts town. 1753 or 1754 Phillis Wheatley born (enslaved African, poet, first published African American writer). 1762 Virginias new voting law specifies that only white men may vote. 1773 Phillis Wheatleys book of poems, Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral, was  published in Boston and then in England, making her the first published African American writer, and the second book by a woman to be published in the land which was about to become the United States. 1777 Vermont, establishing itself as a free republic, outlawed slavery in its constitution, allowing indentured servitude bound by their own consent.  Its this provision that grounds the claim of Vermont to be the first state in the United States to outlaw slavery. 1780 - 1781 Massachusetts, the first New England colony to legally establish slave ownership, found in a series of court cases that slavery was effectively abolished  African American men (but not women) had the right to vote. Freedom came, in fact, more slowly, including some enslaved Africans becoming indentured. By 1790, the federal census showed no slaves in Massachusetts. 1784 †¢ (December 5) Phillis Wheatley died (poet, enslaved African; first published African American writer) 1787 Thomas Jeffersons daughter, Mary, joins him in Paris, with Sally Hemings, likely his wifes enslaved half-sister,  accompanying Mary to Paris 1791 Vermont was admitted to the Union as a state, preserving a slavery ban in its constitution. 1792 Sarah Moore Grimke born (abolitionist, womens rights proponent) 1793 (January 3) Lucretia Mott born (Quaker abolitionist and womens rights advocate) 1795 (October 5, 1795)  Sally Hemings  gives birth to daughter, Harriet, who dies in 1797. She will give birth to four or five more children, likely fathered by Thomas Jefferson.  Another daughter, Harriet, born in 1801, will disappear into white society. about 1797 Sojourner Truth (Isabella Van Wagener) born an  enslaved African (abolitionist, womens rights proponent, minister, lecturer) [Previous] [Next] [1492-1699] [1700-1799] [1800-1859] [1860-1869] [1870-1899] [1900-1919] [1920-1929] [1930-1939] [1940-1949] [1950-1959] [1960-1969] [1970-1979] [1980-1989] [1990-1999] [2000-]

Electronic Theft A Victim s Credit Score And Peace Of...

Therefore, when someone uses your personal information to obtain identification, credit or even a mortgage, you become a victim of identity theft. This crime is devastating to a victim’s credit score and peace of mind. Illinois ranked fifth among states in the number of identity complaints reported to the Consumer Sentinel, a database developed and maintained by the Federal Trade Commission. Identity theft involves a thief, a victim, law enforcement, and identity theft affidavit that will help you report the information. All crimes such as rape and auto theft have some sort of safeguard in place to prevent them from happening. There are safeguards in place to prevent this are safety cameras, difficult passwords, witnesses, verification methods, locked accounts, and signatures. Avoid commonly used numbers such as your birthdate or spouse birthdate when creating social media or accessing an ATM. Another safeguard exists is when filing annual tax returns the extra security features. To better protect you from identity thieves, some states will be trying new approaches. Some states may ask for additional identification information, such as your driver’s license number, when you are preparing your state tax return. This will be another layer of protection because identity thieves may already have your name and Social Security number, but perhaps not your driver’s license number. Our goal is to verify your identity and the validity of your return before the return is acceptedShow MoreRelatedAccounting Information System Chapter 1137115 Words   |  549 Pagesthe planning process. 1.7 Apply the value chain concept to SS. Explain how it would perform the various primary and support activities. The value chain classifies business activities into two categories: primary and support. The five primary activities at SS: a. Inbound logistics includes all processes involved in ordering, receiving, and temporarily storing merchandise that is going to be sold to SS customers. b. SS does not manufacture any goods, thus its operations activities consistsRead MoreSocial Networking Sites-Boon/Bane15517 Words   |  63 Pagesgovernment offices. Soon, the thread was ablaze with hundreds of responses in a free-for-all mudslinging competition and a crash course in the choicest Hindi expletives. Social networking sites Orkut and Facebook have become a fertile ground for scores of groups based on ethnicity and caste. Key in the word caste into either site, or indeed others, and up pops a cascading list of virtual caste colonies, some of which aim to unite members and some which spew venom. Orkut has thousands of theseRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. 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Swat Smuckers Free Essays

My objective for this case is to complete an external analysis for Smuckers, using the Porter 5-Forces Model and PEST Analysis. This will lead to a SWOT analysis. My first step is to determine the NAICS code. We will write a custom essay sample on Swat Smuckers or any similar topic only for you Order Now Using what I learned in the SLP, I will collect some supporting data on industry analysis of each of the 5 Forces in Porter’s Forces in Porter’s Model. I will also collect data to support an analysis of the 4 elements in the PEST analysis. PORTER’S 5 FORCES FOR SMUCKER’S Smucker’s company has the basic beliefs of the founder J. M.Smucker, who started the business selling apple butter in the late 18oo’s. They claim that he made a quality product, sold it at a fair price and followed sound policies. The Company did prosper so it must be true. As much I would like to believe it, I am not sure, but it is a good story. Quality is stated to apply to their product, manufacturing methods, marketing efforts, people and relationships with each other. They also state that they offer the highest quality products in each market they produce and look for daily improvements that will make the company better.The growth and business successes have been built on the foundation of quality, and quality comes first, according to (http://www. smuckers. com/family_company/join_our_company/our_basic_beliefs. aspx). The Smucker’s company NAICS code is 311421. Their Industry name is Companies in Fruit and Vegetable Canning (http://business. highbeam. com/company-profiles/info/1158512/simply-smucker-s-inc). I chose Smuckers Peanut Butter, which includes the Goober Peanut Butter and Jelly, Natural Peanut Butter, and Organic Peanut Butter. Smuckers has the supply power because it markets and manufactures its own fruits spreads and peanut butter.The Goober Peanut Butter Jelly all in one jar comes in grape or strawberry jelly. The natural Peanut Butter comes in bumpy or smooth, chunky or creamy. The Organic Peanut Butter is fresh roasted peanut flavor in two varieties (http://www. smuckers. com/products/category. aspx? groupId=2categoryId=11). Smucker’s has a variety of suppliers and a strict policy of buying supplies. This makes them very powerful in the fact that they can choose who they want to buy from and at a fair price. They also market and manufacture their own peanuts as well as the jam to produce their own product.The buying power in the Porter Five Forces for Smuckers is the public. Buyer Power: Here you ask yourself how easy it is for buyers to drive prices down. Well, Smuckers is a big company with a large customer base so it would be unlikely the buyer could drive the price down. The importance of each individual buyer of Smuckers Peanut Butter is vital to the continuing sale of the product. The cost to them of switching from your products and services to those of someone else is possible if the price is too high but Smuckers is competitive with other companies.The buyer could affect the peanut butter prices but Smuckers brand stays competitive with other brands (http://www. mindtools. com/pages/article/newTMC_08. htm). Competitive Rivalry: What is important here is that Peter Pan and Skippy are competing for the same market and these competitors offer equally attractive products and services, this give Smuckers little power over the situation. Except for a product called the Goober, the combination of peanut butter and jelly in a single jar. There is one competitor that is similar and that is sold by Kroger, called Yipes Stripes (http://en. ikipedia. org/wiki/Goober_(brand)). Threat of Substitution: Smuckers peanut butter products can be substituted by a soynut butter, if they have allergy or want a alternative can be affected by the ability of your customers to find a different way of doing what you do. If substitution is easy and substitution is viable, then this weakens Smuckers power to grow profit (http://www. soynutbutter. com/),(http://www. mindtools. com/pages/article/newTMC_08. htm). Threat of New Entry: Power is also affected by the ability of people to enter your market.With ConAgra, Kraft, and Best Foods with peanut butter brands already in the market, as well as specialty peanut butter brands. There are not a lot of brands of peanut butter in the market today; so, I believe that a new product could not compete with Smuckers at their level at first stages. Smuckers has a strong and durable brand name and can preserve a favorable position and take fair advantage of it (http://www. mindtools. com/pages/article/newTMC_08. htm). The PEST Analysis for Smuckers for the political section, I found that the ity of Orrville, Ohio and Smuckers come up with an agreement. Smuckers created 115 new jobs and the city granted them a 25% refundable credit of tax revenue for a term no more then 10 years (http://www. orrville. com/DEPT/SSD/Legislation09/3-09A. pdf). The economical development is relevant resource. The Smucker’s brothers took over the family business and made several large deals within that last 6 years. Now they are a billion dollar franchise. The peanut butter market is doing very well because of all of the other products and the support of all of them combined (J.M. Smucker Co 2009, The namesakes; Preserving an American icon). The Socio-Cultural is population and demographic relating to distribution of income and mobility and Smuckers has its two peanut butter brands Jiffy and Smuckers. They also have the Smuckers Natural and Reduced Fat brands. Customers relate to brand names and a good solid product. The distribution of Smuckers peanut butter is a wholesome product, even when the peanut butter recall in January 2009. Safeway, Meijer, H-E-B, Hy-Vee and Kroger issued recall on their private label peanut butter and J.M Smucker, the nations’ top maker of jams and jellies assured customers that none of its products are involved in the national recall. Smuckers Peanut Butter is safe to eat. (http://www. progressivegrocer. com/progressivegrocer/content_display/features/center-). Technological is the level of technological of economy and own industry and supplier and customer industries (http://www. themanager. org/models/pest_analysis. htm). Smuckers is a billion dollar industry that markets and manufactures most of its own ingredients. This is a way to safe money and controls the company the way they want to operate it.Smuckers technology allows them to create new products and remarket old ones. SUMMARY My objective for this case is to complete an external analysis for Smuckers, using the Porter 5-Forces Model and PEST Analysis. Smucker’s company has the basic beliefs of the founder J. M. Smucker, who started the business selling apple butter in the late 18oo’s. They claim that he made a quality product, sold it at a fair price and followed sound policies. The Smucker’s company NAICS code is 311421. Their Industry name is Companies in Fruit and Vegetable Canning How to cite Swat Smuckers, Papers

Marketing Analysis on Ventura Boats †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Marketing Analysis on Ventura Boats. Answer: Introduction Ventura Boats is a business that builds boats and is completely family-based. Since, 1961 it is situated in the Coffs harbor, in new south whales in Australia. The specialty of this organization is that it designs boats with traditional materials but focuses on high quality. However, it was successful until the domestic market in Australia started to shrink. Strengths Ventura sells their boats directly to their consumers, which is one of their strengths as this provides the company with a chance so that they can improve the relationship between their brand and the customers. It further helps in collecting the direct feedback of the customers as well (Bone 2017). Ventura boats have employees who have many years of experience and knowledge regarding boat building in Australia. Weaknesses Having no experience about the foreign markets Venturas traditional method of building its boats in this fast grow technological era is a very big weakness as they havent came up with any new model for many years and so its products are sinking in the Australian markets. Having obsolete boat producing technologies many of their boats can be confined by the Australian Government Legislation from using. They are unable to bring quick changes in their technology in spite of having skillful and experienced employees, which can actually stop their present products from becoming unlawful. Opportunities Increasing market growth in the foreign markets As the foreign governments places very less limitations on the utilization of traditional boats thus, their products can become lawful in the upcoming years (Terpstra, Foley and Sarathy 2012). The nations, which are transpiring with their developing economies, are producing the rich customers who can afford their passion for indulgence products. Threats With the passing time, there is an availability of substitutes in this business due to depreciation in the domestic market of Australia. More successful and updated companies of boat-builders are in search to buy small companies that can be their competitors just like Ventura so that they can grab their market share, dissolve their assets and finally close them completely. The employees are searching for better job opportunities because they are facing low morale due to the conditions inside Ventura boats. Thus, getting better job prospects they can leave Ventura boats. Threats and opportunity Analysis The opportunities that are discovered about Ventura Boats are that it has an increased growth of market in the foreign markets where the availability of trading partners is huge. However, as Ventura boats are the category leadership in this boat-building market is limited to Australia only thus, they are very inexperienced in the foreign markets. Moreover, the growth as well as the prospect in the foreign markets is vast. Another opportunity that came out clear was that unlike the Australian government legislations, the foreign governments apply very few limitations in utilizing traditional boats. Thus, from this it has been very clear that if Ventura reaches out to the foreign markets with their present products then they can definitely make their products lawful that are almost on the verge of becoming unlawful due to Venturas outdated technologies. However, economically developing countries like china, South East Asia, South Korea, Poland and Germany all have better opportunities for Ventura to export their traditional boats because here the consumers are mainly rich and can afford expensive products (Baldwin and Lopez?Gonzalez 2015). Ventura has few threats as well and the biggest of them are the emerging substitutes because the internal markets in Australia are sinking and thus, customers are switching on to the substitutes where they can get updated products in proper price range. Bigger companies are searching to take over smaller companies like Ventura so that they can close them fully by occupying their market shares. Larger companies have more recognition of their brands, significant Human Resources along with their economy scale. Therefore, for them it becomes very easy to take over small businesses and finish them. The largest threat is the de-motivated employees in Ventura due to their market conditions. Thus, their experiences and skillful employees are searching for better job offers, which is the biggest threat for any company. Thus, threat can in future cause low productivity, huge turnover and negative organizational. Recommendations Thus from the above weaknesses, threats and opportunities of Ventura boats the recommendations that can be suggested keeping in mind Ansoff matrix are as below- The first thing that they must focus on is to get them updated with technology. In todays era, technology is growing so fast that it is overtaking everyone under it. Thus, they must also include technology in their boat manufacturing techniques. This can not only help their market value from depreciating but also help their products from getting illegal by the Australian Government. Thus, product development is taking place that can satisfy the changing needs of the customers (Shaw 2012). Their approach must be quick so that it becomes a challenge for their employees to involve the flavor of technology to their business. This will also stop the employees who are searching for better job opportunities. The next work that they must do is to try their luck in foreign markets. China, South Korea, Germany are all having high opportunities for this type of businesses. They have high market values and they it can be a huge success for Ventura if they try out there. In foreign markets, they put fewer or no limitations for the use of traditional boats that can be another advantage. Thus, market development is taking place with new market segments with their own products (Proctor 2014). Apart from that, foreign countries, which are having rich customers, can also buy the traditionally designed boats of Ventura for fulfilling their boats. This will in a way help Ventura from completely fade away from the developing markets. Lastly, to overcome the threats of the substitutes Ventura must focus on their performance which is lacking. This is very much due to the de-motivated employees and their internal conditions. For the time being they must lower, the products price a bit to attract their customers and gain their support. Thus, the market penetration strategy will work here where the company can sell their already existing products and gain market shares (Zarzewska?Bielawska 2012). Thus, Ventura must pay more attention on their employees, start from zero, they must act carefully as fast as possible, people must be calm rather than being anxious and the employees must be aware of the true situation and get equal chance to turn around themselves for the betterment of the company. This will further help them in diversification where they can come up with new range of products with developing technology and motivated staffs (Hussain et al. 2013). Conclusion Thus from the above case analysis it can be concluded that to deal with the current conditions of Ventura boats the organization should quickly focus on upgrading their technology and try to make connections to foreign markets. Reference Baldwin, R. and Lopez?Gonzalez, J., 2015. Supply?chain Trade: A Portrait of Global Patterns and Several Testable Hypotheses.The World Economy,38(11), pp.1682-1721. Bone, J., 2017.The hard sell: an ethnographic study of the direct selling industry. Routledge. Hussain, S., Khattak, J., Rizwan, A. and Latif, M.A., 2013. ANSOFF matrix, environment, and growth-an interactive triangle.Management and Administrative Sciences Review,2(2), pp.196-206. Proctor, T., 2014.Strategic marketing: an introduction. Routledge. Shaw, E.H., 2012. Marketing strategy: From the origin of the concept to the development of a conceptual framework.Journal of Historical Research in Marketing,4(1), pp.30-55. Terpstra, V., Foley, J. and Sarathy, R., 2012.International marketing. Naper Press. Zarzewska?Bielawska, A., 2012. The strategic dilemmas of innovative enterprises: proposals for high?technology sectors.RD Management,42(4), pp.303-314.